Servant Leadership Behaviour Scale in the Context of University Student Start-Ups
Abstract
Entrepreneurship and leadership are included as important subject among scholars. Great entrepreneurs have to be great leaders, since they need to have a strong vision, motivate and influence others. The purpose of this paper is to verify the validity and reability of servant leadership behaviour scale in the context of student start-ups. The participants of the study consisted of 300 students who have been working for their start up in Ciputra University Surabaya, Indonesia. Confirmatory factor analysis have been performed to verify the undimensionality and validity of the scale. It is found that the scale can be used in the context of students start up, yet one dimension and 17 indicators should be eliminated from the scale.
Keywords: servant leadership, student start-ups, servant leadership behaviour scale, entrepreneurship
References
[1] Aldrich, H., & Auster, E. R. (1986). Even Dwarfs Started Small: Liabilities of Age and Size and Their Strategic Implications. Research in Organizational Behavior, 8, 165–198.
[2] Antonio, T. (2012). Inspiring Wednesday, Ciputra University Best Practice in Shaping Entrepreneurs in Higher Education. Jurnal Entrepreneur dan Entrepreneurship, 1(1), 21–27.
[3] Agarwal, R., and Karahanna, E. (2000). Time flies when you’re having fun: Cognitive absorption and beliefs about information technology usage. MIS Quarterly,24 (4), 665–694.
[4] Arham, A.F., Boucher, C., Muenjohn, N. (2013). Leadership and Entrepreneurial Success: A Study of SMEs in Malaysia. World of Journal Social Sciences, 3(5), 117–130.
[5] Bagozzi, R. and Yi, Y. (1988) On the Evaluation of Structural Equation Models. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Sciences, 16, 74–94.
[6] Barbuto, J.E, Jr, Wheeler, D.W. (2006). Scale Development and Construct Clarification of Servant Leadership. Group & Organization Management, 31:300–326.
[7] Boyd, E., & Fales, A. (1983). Reflective learning: Key to learning from experience. Journal of Humanistic Psychology, 23, 99–117.
[8] Ehrhart, M.G. (2004). Leadership and Procedural Justice Climate as Antecedents of Unit-Level Organizational Citizenship Behavior. Personnel Psychology, 57:61–95.
[9] Graham, J. (1991). Servant-Leadership in Organizations: Inspirational and Moral. Leadership Quaterly, 2(2), 105–119.
[10] Green, M.T., Rodiguesz, R.A., Wheeler, C.A., Hinojosa, B.B. (2015). Servant Leadership: A Quantitative Review of Instruments and Related Findings. Servant Leadership: Theory and Practice, 2(2), 76–96.
[11] Greenleaf, R.K. (1977). Servant Leadership: Journey into the Nature of Legitimate Power and Greatness. New York: Paulist Press.
[12] Hamilton, F & Bean, C.J. (2005). The Importance of Context, Beliefs and Values in Leadership Development. Business Ethics, 14 (4), 336–347.
[13] Harrison, R.T., Leitch, C.M. (2006). Entrepreneurship and Leadership: The Implication for Education and Development. Journal of Entrepreneurship & Regional Development, 6(2), 111–125.
[14] Hoyle, R. H. (1995). Structural Equation Modeling. Thousand Oaks, CA.: Sage Publications.
[15] Hair, J. F., Hult, G. T. M., Ringle, C., & Sarstedt, M. (2014). A Primer on Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM). Sage Publications, Inc.
[16] Henseler, J, Ringle, CM & Sinkovics, R.R. (2009). The use of partial least squares path modeling in international marketing. in Advances in International Marketing. Advances in International Marketing, 20 (1), 277–319.
[17] Kohlberg, L. (1984). The psychology of moral development: The nature and validity of moral stages. San Francisco: Harper & Row.
[18] Koster, S. (2004). Spin-off firm and Individual Start-ups. Are They Really Different? Ersa Conference Paper, Porto.
[19] Laub, J. (1999). Assessing the servant organization: Development of the servant organizational leadership (SOLA) instrument. Dissertation Abstracts International, 60(02), 308.
[20] Latiff, A, Majid, I.A., Mohamad, M. (2017). Exploring Servant Leadership Instrument for Social Enterprise (Cooperative). European Journal of Multidisciplinary Studies, 4 (3), 7–23.
[21] Leitch, C.M., Volery, T. (2017). Entrepreneurial Leadership: Insight and Directions. International Small Business Journal: Researching Entrepreneurship, 35(2):147–156.
[22] Liden, R. C., Wayne, S. J., Zhao, H., & Henderson, D. (2008). Servant Leadership: Development of a Multidimensional Measure and Multi-Level Assessment. The Leadership Quarterly, 19, 161–177.
[23] Liden, R. C., & Antonakis, J. (2009). Considering context in psychological leadership research. Human Relations, 62(11), 1587–1605.
[24] Luor, T., Lu H.P., Yu, H., Chang, K. (2014). Trends in and Contributions to Entrepreneurship Research: A Broad Review of Literature from 1996 to June 2012. Scienctometrics, 99 (2), 353–369.
[25] Mckenna, A.F., Yalvac, B., & Light, G.J. (2009). The Role of Collaborative Reflection on Shaping Engineering Faculty Teaching Approaches. Journal of Engineering Education, 98, 17–26.
[26] Mohamad, M, and Majid, I.A. (2014). Entrepreneurial Servant Leadership (ESL): A Proposed Leadership Model for Social Enterprise (Cooperative). International Journal of Technical Research and Application, 2(8), 51–57.
[27] Petrovskaya, I, Mirakyan, A. (2016). A Mission of Service: Social Entrepreneur as A Servant Leader. International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behavior & Research.
[28] Parris, D. L., & Peachey, J. W. (2013). A Systematic Literature Review of Servant Leadership Theory in Organizational Contexts. Journal of Business Ethics, 113(3), 377–393.
[29] Russel, R.F., Stone, A.G. (2002). A Review of Servant Leadership Attributes: Developing a Practical Model. Leadership & Organization Development Journal., 145–157.
[30] Scardino, A.J. (2013). Servant Leadership in Higher Education: The Influence of Servant-Led Faculty on Student Engagement. Doctoral Dissertation, Antioch University.
[31] Sendjaya, S., Sarros, J.C., Santora, J.C., (2008). Defining and Measuring Servant Leadership Behaviour in Organizations. Journal of Management Studies, 45, 402–424.
[32] Sendjaya, S. (2015) Personal and Organizational Excellence Through Servant Leadership: Learning to Serve, Serving to Lead, Leading to Transform. Switzerland: Springer International Publishing Switzerland.
[33] Spears, L. C. (2010). Character and Servant Leadership: Ten Characteristics of Effective, Caring Leaders. The Journal of Virtues & Leadership, 1(1), 25–30.
[34] Stinchcombe, A. (1965). Social Structure and Organizations. In J. March (Ed.), Handbook of organizations (pp. 142–193). Woods Drive Skokie: Rand McNally.
[35] Van Dierendonck, D., & Nuijten, I. (2011). The Servant Leadership Survey: Development and Validation of a Multidimensional Measure. Journal of Business & Psychology, 26, 249–267.
[36] Wheeler, D.W. (2012). Servant Leadership for Higher Education. United State of America: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
[37] Zach, S & Baldegger, U. (2017). Leadership in Start-ups. International Small Business Journal: Researching Entrepreneurship, 35 (2).